Aeronautical Engineering — 6th Semester Syllabus

Unit 1.0: Fundamentals of Gas Turbine Engines and the Brayton Cycle

Introduction to Gas Turbines: Classification: Turbojet • Turbofan • Turboprop • Turboshaft • Comparison of air-breathing and non-air-breathing propulsion systems • Applications of gas turbines in aviation • Power generation • And marine sectors • Historical development and technological evolution of gas turbines • Thermodynamic Cycle for Gas Turbines: Ideal Brayton cycle: Processes and assumptions • Open vs. closed Brayton cycle • P-v and T-s diagrams • Thermal efficiency and work output • Real cycle deviations: pressure losses • Component inefficiencies • And cooling requirements • Basic Gas Turbine Configuration and Flow Path: Principal components: Inlet • Compressor • Combustor • Turbine • Nozzle • Flow through a gas turbine engine stagnation properties • Overview of single-spool and multi-spool engine architectures • Role of thrust and power in different engine types • Types of Gas Turbine Engines (Aircraft Jet Engines): Turbojet: Construction • Working principle • Performance characteristics • Turbofan: Bypass ratio • Core vs. fan flow • Performance benefits • Turboprop and Turboshaft: Application in low-speed flight and helicopters • Comparative analysis of thrust-specific fuel consumption and efficiencies • Basic Performance Parameters: Thrust • Specific thrust • Thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) • Specific impulse • Propulsive efficiency • Thermal efficiency • Impact of ambient conditions and altitude on performance • Power required vs. power available in propulsion • Overview of Air Standard Cycles: Otto • Diesel • And Dual cycles in comparison with Brayton cycle • Relevance of air-standard cycle assumptions in practical analysis • Efficiency trends for different propulsion systems • Enhancements to Brayton Cycle: Intercooling • Reheating • And regeneration: principle and impact on cycle • Practical challenges and trade-offs in real engines • Combined cycle systems

Unit 2.0: Thermodynamics of Gas Turbine Components

Thermodynamic Principles in Gas Turbines: Application of First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics to open systems • Steady flow energy equation for compressors • Turbines • And combustors • Definition and calculation of stagnation (total) and static properties • Concept of entropy and its role in irreversibility and efficiency • Isentropic and polytropic processes for compression and expansion • Thermodynamics of Compressors: Working principles of axial and centrifugal compressors • Enthalpy rise and pressure ratio determination • Isentropic and polytropic efficiency of compressors • Multi-stage compression and intercooling concepts • Impact of inlet temperature • Pressure • And rotational speed on compressor performance • Thermodynamics of Turbines: Expansion of hot gases in axial turbines • Work output calculation from turbine stages • Isentropic expansion and polytropic efficiency • Role of turbine in driving the compressor and producing thrust or shaft power • Real-world losses and impact of cooling on turbine work output • Combustion and Heat Addition Process: Heat addition under constant pressure in the Brayton cycle • Combustion efficiency and temperature limits • Adiabatic flame temperature and excess air requirement • Combustion chamber pressure loss and its impact on cycle performance • Variation of specific heat at high temperatures • Fundamentals of Heat Transfer in Gas Turbines: Conduction • Convection • And radiation mechanisms in gas turbine components • Convective heat transfer in combustor walls and turbine blades • Film cooling and internal convective cooling design basics • Importance of heat transfer in maintaining material integrity and efficiency • Estimation of thermal loads and temperature distribution in critical components • Cycle Enhancements and Modifications: Thermodynamic benefits of intercooling in multistage compressors • Reheating in multi-stage turbines to enhance work output • Regeneration for improving cycle efficiency by utilizing exhaust heat • Combined cycle configurations and integration with steam turbines • Practical constraints in implementing these modifications (size, weight, cost)

Unit 3.0: Aerodynamics and Performance of Gas Turbine Components

Aerodynamics of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors: Flow analysis using velocity triangles at rotor and stator • Concepts of axial velocity • Blade speed • Relative velocity • Flow coefficient • Work coefficient • And stage loading • Compressor blade geometry: rotor/stator profiles and blade angles • Loss mechanisms: profile losses • Secondary flow losses • Tip clearance effects • Operating limits: surge • Stall • Choking • Performance maps and surge margin control • Differences in operation and application of axial vs. centrifugal compressors • Aerodynamics of Axial Turbines: Flow analysis through axial turbine stages using velocity triangles • Impulse vs. Reaction turbines: degree of reaction • Stage efficiency • Work output and energy transfer in turbine blades • Blade spacing • Aspect ratio • And number of stages • Influence of incidence and deflection angles on flow and efficiency • Loss mechanisms: tip leakage • Secondary flows • Trailing edge losses • Estimation of turbine performance using enthalpy and flow parameters • Combustion Chamber Fundamentals: Types of combustion chambers: can • Annular • Can-annular • Fuel-air mixing and combustion zones: primary • Secondary • Dilution • Parameters affecting combustion: residence time • Turbulence • Atomization • Combustion stability • Blowout limits • And lean blowout • Combustion efficiency • Pressure loss • And temperature rise • Design considerations: uniform temperature profile at turbine inlet (pattern factor) • Cooling methods for liners and domes • Turbine Blade Cooling Techniques: Necessity for blade cooling due to high turbine inlet temperatures • Heat transfer mechanisms on rotating blades • Film cooling: hole pattern • Blowing ratio • Effectiveness • Internal convection cooling: serpentine passages • Impingement cooling • Transpiration cooling: porous blades and coolant flow • Cooling effectiveness and performance trade-offs • Impact of cooling on turbine efficiency and durability • Component Matching and Engine Operating Characteristics: Matching characteristics of compressor • Combustor • And turbine • Operating line and surge line in engine maps • Influence of altitude and flight Mach number on engine operation • Variable geometry components: inlet guide vanes • Variable stators • Bleed air systems and their impact on compressor stability • Turbomachine component interaction and balancing at off-design conditions

Unit 4.0: Materials, Manufacturing, and Emission Control

Materials for Gas Turbine Components: Material selection criteria: strength-to-weight ratio • High-temperature performance • Oxidation and corrosion resistance • High-performance alloys: nickel-based superalloys • Cobalt-based alloys • Titanium alloys • Advanced materials: ceramics • Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) • Metal matrix composites (MMCs): Mechanical properties: fatigue resistance • Creep strength • Fracture toughness • Role of grain structure and single-crystal/blade casting in turbine blade performance • Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) and Blade Lifing: Purpose and function of TBCs in hot section components • Structure: bond coat • Ceramic top coat (typically YSZ - Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) • Coating application methods: Air Plasma Spray (APS) and Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD): Failure mechanisms: oxidation • Spallation • Sintering • Blade lifing techniques: life prediction models • Inspection methods • Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) • Manufacturing of Gas Turbine Components: Casting techniques: equiaxed • Directional solidification • And single-crystal casting • Forging and machining of rotating components • Introduction to additive manufacturing (3D printing) for turbine blades • Combustor liners • And cooling structures • Repair and refurbishment technologies: welding • Brazing • Recoating • Quality control and testing of turbine parts during production • Pollutant Formation and Emission Control: Formation of NOx • UHC • Soot in gas turbine combustors • Factors influencing emission levels: temperature • Pressure • Residence time • Fuel type: Emission control strategies: Lean Premixed Pre-vaporized (LPP) combustion • Staged combustion • Rich-quench-lean (RQL) design • Catalytic combustion and post-combustion treatments • Emission regulations: ICAO standards for aircraft engines and environmental norms for power generation turbines • Sustainable Gas Turbine Technologies and Future Trends: Integration with renewable energy systems (e.g., CSP-GT hybrids, biomass co-firing) • Use of alternative fuels: hydrogen • Synthetic fuels • Biofuels combustion characteristics and material compatibility: Role of hybrid-electric propulsion systems in reducing emissions • Advances in cooling technologies • Digital twin models • And predictive maintenance • Path toward net-zero carbon gas turbine systems

Unit 5.0: Gas Turbine Design and Optimisation

Preliminary Design of Gas Turbine Engines: Identification of design requirements: application-specific thrust or power needs • Operating environment • Efficiency goals • Selection of cycle parameters: pressure ratio • Turbine inlet temperature (TIT) • Bypass ratio (for turbofans) • And mass flow rate • Estimation of specific work output and thermal efficiency • Design considerations: size • Weight • Material limitations • Cooling needs • Block diagram of a gas turbine engine layout and design iterations • Engine Performance Analysis and Evaluation: Calculation of key performance parameters: Thrust • Specific Thrust • Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (TSFC) • Propulsive • Thermal • And overall efficiency • Specific fuel consumption for shaft power applications: Effects of ambient conditions • Altitude • And flight Mach number on engine performance • Performance envelopes and limitations: surge margin • Blade stress • TIT limits • Component and System Optimization: Matching of engine components: compressor • Combustor • Turbine • Nozzle • Off-design performance analysis and component map interpretation • Optimization strategies for fuel efficiency • Emission reduction • And weight minimization • Use of design tools: mean-line analysis • Cycle simulation software

Unit 6.0: Gas Turbine Applications and Case Studies

Applications and Case Studies: Detailed study of modern jet engines: CFM56 • GE90 • PW1000G • Trent XWB • Industrial gas turbines for power generation: GE LM2500 • Siemens SGT-series: Marine and naval propulsion turbines • Use of micro gas turbines in UAVs and distributed power • Case study: performance and design evolution of a selected engine platform • Role of gas turbines in combined cycle power plants (CCGT) • Capstone Design Problem and Future Scope: Conceptual design of a basic gas turbine engine for specific application (aerospace, marine, or power plant): Component sizing • Thermal efficiency estimation • And performance prediction • Environmental and economic trade-offs in engine design • Future outlook: Electrification and hybrid propulsion • Smart engines with digital twins • Autonomous monitoring and adaptive engine control • Preparation and presentation of design reports or mini-projects

Unit 1.0: Basics of Helicopter Systems

Historical development of helicopter and overview • Basic concepts • Rotor blade motion flapping • Feathering and lagging motion • Rotor control: cyclic control and collective pitch control • Rotor controls various types of rotor • Geometry of the rotor • Blade loading • Effect of solidity • Profile drag • Compressibility etc. • Blade area required • Number of Blades • Blade form • Power losses • Rotor efficiency

Unit 2.0: Rotary Aerodynamics theory

Momentum theory for hover • Figure of merit • Momentum theory for vertical climb and Vertical descent • Autorotation • Momentum theory for forward flight • Blade element theory for vertical flight: Thrust approximations • Non-uniform inflow • Ideal twist • Power approximations • Blade element theory for forward flight: Thrust • Torque and power • Flapping coefficients

Unit 3.0: Helicopter Engines and Performance I

Piston engines • Gas turbines • Ramjet principle • Comparative performance • Calculation of Induced Power • High speed limitations • Parasite drag • Power loading • Ground effect

Unit 4.0: Helicopter Engines and Performance II

Horsepower required • Range and Endurance • Rate of Climb • Best Climbing speed • Ceiling in vertical climb • Optimum speeds • Maximum level speed • Rotor limits envelope

Unit 5.0: Rotor Vibrations

Dynamic model of the rotor • Motion of the rigid blades • Flapping motion • Lagging motion • Feathering motion • Properties of vibrating system • Phenomenon of vibration • Fuselage response • Vibration absorbers • Measurement of vibration in flight

Unit 6.0: Rotor Blade Design

General considerations • Airfoil selection • Blade construction • Materials • Factors affecting weight and cost • Design conditions • Stress analysis

Unit 1.0: Governing Equations and Flow Characteristics of Hypersonic Aerodynamics

Comparison of subsonic • Supersonic • And hypersonic regimes • Historical development and significance of hypersonic flight • Applications in aerospace • Defense • And space exploration • Conservation laws (mass, momentum, and energy) • Hypersonic similarity parameters (Mach number, Reynolds number, Knudsen number) • Thin shock-layer approximation • Newtonian and modified Newtonian theory

Unit 2.0: Shock Waves and Expansion Waves in Hypersonic Flow

Oblique shocks and strong shock interactions • Bow shocks and detached shock formation • Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves • Shock-boundary layer interactions and their effects

Unit 3.0: Heat transfer and Thermal Protection Systems (TPS)

Thermodynamic properties of high-speed flows • Real gas effects: dissociation • Ionization • And vibrational excitation • Equilibrium and non-equilibrium flow models • Chemical kinetics and air dissociation at hypersonic speeds • Mechanisms of aerodynamic heating (conduction, convection, and radiation) • Heat transfer analysis in hypersonic vehicles • Thermal response of materials and ablation physics • TPS design for re-entry vehicles and hypersonic aircraft

Unit 4.0: Boundary Layers

Laminar and turbulent boundary layers in hypersonic flows • Transitional flow and Reynolds analogy

Unit 5.0: Rarefied Gas Effects

Rarefied gas dynamics and the role of the Knudsen number • Applications of Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method

Unit 6.0: Computational and Experimental Methods in Hypersonics

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for hypersonic flow analysis • Wind tunnel testing and ground-based experimental facilities • Shock tunnels • Arc jets • And ballistic ranges • Flight testing and validation of hypersonic vehicles • Hypersonic missiles • Space planes • And re-entry capsules • Space exploration applications (Mars entry, planetary probes) • Challenges and future advancements in hypersonic technology

Unit 1.0: Introduction to Wind Tunnels & Aerodynamic Testing

Importance of aerodynamic testing • Comparison of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and wind tunnel testing • Low-speed (subsonic) • Transonic • Supersonic • And hypersonic wind tunnel • Open-circuit vs. closed-circuit wind tunnels • Special-purpose wind tunnels • Dimensional analysis and similarity principles • Reynolds number • Mach number • And Strouhal number • Model scaling techniques and limitations

Unit 2.0: Wind Tunnel Components & Instrumentation

Components: Test section • Contraction cone • Diffuser • Drive system • Flow conditioning devices: Honeycomb • Screens • Turbulence reduction techniques • Flow velocity measurement: Pitot-static tubes • Hot-wire anemometry • Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) • Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) • Force and moment measurements: Strain gauge balances • Load cells • Force transducers • Pressure measurement: Pressure taps • Manometers • Electronic pressure sensors

Unit 3.0: Experimental Techniques in Wind Tunnels

Lift • Drag • And pitching moment determination • Calibration of force balance systems • Smoke and dye injection methods • Schlieren and shadowgraph technique • Tuft and oil flow visualization • Boundary layer measurement techniques • Wake survey and drag estimation • Flow separation and vortex shedding analysis

Unit 4.0: Applications of Wind Tunnel Testing

Aircraft and UAV aerodynamic testing • Propulsion system and jet plume studies • High-speed flow testing (supersonic and hypersonic applications) • Vehicle aerodynamics and drag reduction • Wind effects on buildings • Bridges • And wind turbines • Aerodynamic analysis of sports equipment

Unit 5.0: Data Analysis, Error Estimation & Case Studies I

Signal conditioning and digitization • Data filtering and uncertainty analysis • Experimental accuracy • Repeatability • And corrections • Wind tunnel correction factors and blockage effects

Unit 6.0: Data Analysis, Error Estimation & Case Studies II

Real-world wind tunnel testing in aerospace industries • Success stories and technological advancements in wind tunnel techniques • Future trends in experimental aerodynamics

Unit 1.0: Introduction to AI & Searching Techniques

Introduction to artificial intelligence • Types of AI and intelligent agents • Breadth-first search • Depth-first search • Hill climbing • And its variations • Heuristic search techniques: best-first search • A* algorithm • Constraint satisfaction problem • Means-end analysis • Introduction to game playing • Min-max • And alpha-beta pruning algorithms

Unit 2.0: Knowledge Representation

Propositional logic • First-Order Predicate Logic • Resolution principle • Unification • Semantic nets • Conceptual dependencies • Frames • Scripts • And production rules

Unit 3.0: Understanding Natural Languages I

Components and steps of communication • The contrast between formal and natural languages in the context of grammar • Chomsky hierarchy of grammars • Parsing • And semantics • Parsing Techniques

Unit 4.0: Understanding Natural Languages II

Context-Free and Transformational Grammar • Recursive and Augmented Transition Networks

Unit 5.0: AI in Decision Making

Utility theory • Utility functions • Decision networks • Sequential decision problems • Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (MDPs) • Game Theory • AI Solutions for real-time problems using ML

Unit 6.0: AI in Reinforcement Learning

Passive Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Active RL • Generalization in RL • Policy Search • Deep Reinforcement Learning • AI Solutions for real-time problems using RL

Unit 1.0: Introduction

Conventional Vehicles: Basics of vehicle performance • Vehicle power source characterization • Transmission characteristics • Mathematical models to describe vehicle performance • Introduction to Hybrid Electric Vehicles: History of hybrid and electric vehicles • Social and environmental importance of hybrid and electric vehicles • Impact of modern drive-trains on energy supplies

Unit 2.0: Hybrid Electric Drive-trains

Hybrid Electric Drive-trains: Basic concept of hybrid traction • Introduction to various hybrid drive- train topologies • Power flow control in hybrid drive-train topologies • Fuel efficiency analysis

Unit 3.0: Electric Trains

Electric Drive-trains: Basic concept of electric traction • Introduction to various electric drive- train topologies • Power flow control in electric drive-train topologies • Fuel efficiency analysis • Electric Propulsion unit: Introduction to electric components used in hybrid and electric vehicles • Configuration and control of DC Motor drives • Configuration and control of Induction Motor drives • Configuration and control of Permanent Magnet Motor drives • Configuration and control of Switch Reluctance Motor drives • Drive system efficiency

Unit 4.0: Energy Storage

Energy Storage: Introduction to Energy Storage Requirements in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles • Battery based energy storage and its analysis • Fuel Cell based energy storage and its analysis • Super Capacitor based energy storage and its analysis • Flywheel based energy storage and its analysis • Hybridization of different energy storage devices

Unit 5.0: Sizing the drive system

Sizing the drive system: Matching the electric machine and the internal combustion engine (ICE) • Sizing the propulsion motor • Sizing the power electronics • Selecting the energy storage technology • Communications • Supporting subsystems

Unit 6.0: Energy Management Strategies

Energy Management Strategies: Introduction to energy management strategies used in hybrid and electric vehicles • Classification of different energy management strategies • Comparison of different energy management strategies • Implementation issues of energy management strategies • Case Studies: Design of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) • Design of a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

Unit 1.0: Introduction to Industrial Automation

Introduction to Industry 4.0 and its components • Need of automation in industries • Principles and strategies of automation • Factory automation • Process automation • Basic elements of an automated system • Structure of Industrial Automation • Advanced automation functions • Levels of automations • Industrial control Systems- Process and Discrete system • Types of automation system: Fixed • Programmable • Flexible • Integrated Automation and its application • Different systems used for Industrial automation: PLC • HMI • SCADA • DCS • Drives • Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) and its application in Automation • Role of robots in automation and its components • Fundamentals of automated production lines or transfer lines and its applications

Unit 2.0: Sensors and Input Field Devices

Analog input devices Electromagnetic relays • Contactors • Motor starters • Manually operated Switches Toggle switch • Pushbutton switch • Knife switch and selector switches • Mechanically operated switches Limit switch • Temperature switch (Thermostat) • Pressure switch • Level switch and their symbols • Discrete/Digital Input devices • Construction and working of Sensors • Proximity sensors- Inductive • Capacitive • Optical and ultrasonic • Advanced sensors- Construction and working of Temperature sensors- Thermistor • Thermocouple and Resistance temperature Detector (RTD) • Liquid level sensor -Capacitive and Ultrasonic • Force Strain/Weight sensors • Flow sensors turbine flow sensor • Pressure sensors- Linear Variable • Differential Transformer (LVDT) • Inclination sensor -Inclinometer • Acceleration sensor- Accelerometer • Angular and linear position sensor

Unit 3.0: Actuators and Output Devices

Introduction to actuators • Classification of actuators • Mechanical actuators -Translational and rotational motion • Kinematic chains • Cams • Gears • Belt and chain drives • Bearings • Hydraulic and Pneumatic actuators linear and rotary actuators • Single and double acting cylinder • Directional • Process and pressure control valves • Electrical actuators • Electromechanical actuators • Construction • Working and application of Stepper motors • AC/DC Servo motors • BLDC Motor (Very brief) • Electrohydraulic Actuators-Solenoid Valve • Thermal actuators and Magnetic actuators • Selection of actuators

Unit 4.0: Other output Devices

Other Output devices- Indicators • Alarms Pilot Lights • Buzzers • Valves • Motor starters • Horns and alarms • Stack lights Control relays • Pumps and Fans

Unit 5.0: Control System

Open and closed loop system • Their transfer function • First order and second order system and their output response and parameters • Types of control On-off • Feed forward • Open loop and closed loop control and Transfer function • Controllers in closed loop control • Proportional Controller (P Controller) • Integral Controller (I Controller) • Derivative controller (D- Controller) • P-I Controller • P-D Controller • PID Controller

Unit 6.0: SCADA and DCS

Introduction • Need • Benefits and typical applications of SCADA and DCS • SCADA Architecture Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) • Master Terminal Units • Various SCADA editors • Communication protocols for SCADA • Comparison of SCADA with DCS • Interfacing SCADA system with PLC Typical connection diagram • Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control (OPC) architecture • Creating SCADA Screen HMI for simple object • Steps for linking SCADA object (defining Tags and items, creating trends etc.,) with PLC ladder program using OPC • Configuring simple applications using SCADA: Traffic light control • Water distribution • Pipeline control • Power generation • Transmission and distribution etc. • Procedure to maintain the SCADA based PLC system

Unit 1.0: Introduction to Machine Learning and Fundamentals

Introduction to Machine Learning • Supervised Learning • Unsupervised Learning • And Reinforcement Learning • Machine learning basics: capacity • Over fitting • And under fitting • Hyperparameters and validation sets • Bias & variance

Unit 2.0: Bayesian Concepts and Decision Trees

Bayes Theorem Concept Learning Maximum Likelihood classifier • Bayesian Belief Networks • Decision-trees • Univariate and multivariate decision tree • Network equivalent of decision trees • Overfitting • And evaluation

Unit 3.0: Instant-Based Learning and Support Vector Machines

Logistic Regression • Support Vector Machine (SVM) • Kernel function and Kernel SVM • Instant- based Learning: k- Nearest Neighbour • Locally weighted Regression • Radial Basis Functions • Case Based Learning

Unit 4.0: Clustering

Clustering: k-means • Adaptive hierarchical clustering • And Gaussian mixture model

Unit 5.0: Neural Networks

Neural network: Perception • Multilayer network • Back propagation

Unit 6.0: Applications and Case Studies of Machine Learning

Applications of machine learning (Case studies): Business Analytics • Natural language processing • Computer vision • Internet of Things • Bio-informatics etc.

Unit 1.0: Introduction to Immersive Technologies

Overview of Immersive Technologies: Augmented Reality (AR) • Virtual Reality (VR) • Mixed Reality (MR) • And Extended Reality (XR) • Applications in education • Healthcare • Entertainment • And industry • Key differences between AR • MR and XR • Challenges and Future Trends

Unit 2.0: Hardware and Software Requirements

AR/VR Headsets and Displays (e.g., Oculus, HoloLens, etc.) • Sensors: Motion • Depth • And tracking systems • Input Devices: Controllers • Gloves • And mobile devices • System specifications of central processing unit (CPU) • Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) • Random Access Memory (RAM) • Graphics Card and storage considerations • AR/VR development platforms (overview): Unity • Unreal Engine • SDKs and APIs for AR • VR: Vuforia • ARKit • ARCore

Unit 3.0: Unity Software

Introduction to Unity software and its Features • System requirements for Unity installation • Unity's interface and basic functionalities • Assets and its Types • Sources of 2D and 3D assets • Windows in Unity • Game Objects and Their Types • Rigid Bodies and Colliders • Physics-Based Interactions • Software Development Kit (SDK)-Vuforia

Unit 4.0: Augmented Reality (AR)

Principles of AR and its Working Mechanisms • AR image and object recognition techniques • Location-based and marker-based AR • Introduction to various AR web-based applications • AR design on Blippar or similar platforms • Testing and publishing AR applications

Unit 5.0: AR Design and Development

Anchoring and Detecting Objects in AR • Development of AR application marker-based and marker less in Unity • Deployment of AR app on Android/iOS devices

Unit 6.0: Virtual Reality (VR)

Principles and Technical requirements of Virtual Reality • Types of VR systems: non-immersive • Semi-immersive • And fully immersive • Key Elements of Immersive VR Experience • Levels of Immersion in VR Environment • 360-degree media

Unit 1.0: Introduction to Mems and Microfabrication

History of MEMS Development • Characteristics of MEMS • Miniaturization • Microelectronics integration • Mass fabrication with precision • Micro fabrication • Microelectronics fabrication process: Silicon based MEMS processes • New material and fabrication processing • Points of consideration for processing

Unit 2.0: Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Mems Materials

Conductivity of semiconductors • Crystal plane and orientation • Stress and stain: Definition • Relationship between tensile stress and stain • Mechanical properties of silicon and thin films • Flexural beam bending analysis under single loading condition • Types of beam: Deflection of beam • Longitudinal stain under pure bending • Spring constant • Tensional deflection • Intrinsic stress • Resonance and quality factor

Unit 3.0: Sensing and Actuation

Electrostatic sensing and actuation: Parallel plate capacitor • Application-Inertial sensor • Pressure sensor and tactile sensor • Parallel plate actuator and Comb drive • Thermal sensing and Actuations: Thermal sensors • Thermal actuators • Application-Inertial • Flow and Infrared sensors • Piezoresistive sensors: Piezoresistive sensor material • Stress in flexural cantilever and membrane- Application-Inertial • Pressure • Flow and tactile sensor • Piezoelectric sensing and actuation:- Piezoelectric material properties-quartz-PZT-PVDF-ZnO • Application- Inertial • Acoustic • Tactile • Flow-surface elastic waves • Magnetic actuation:- Micro magnetic actuation principle • Deposition of magnetic materials • Design and fabrication of magnetic coil

Unit 4.0: Bulk and Surface Micromachining

Anisotropic wet etching • Dry etching of silicon • Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) • Isotropic wet etching • Basic surface micromachining process • Structural and sacrificial material • Stiction and anti stiction methods • Foundry process

Unit 5.0: Polymer Mems

Polymers in MEMS • Polymide-SU-8 • Liquid crystal polymer (LCP): PDMS • PMMA • Parylene • Flurocorbon • Application-Acceleration • Pressure • Flow and tactile sensors

Unit 6.0: Optical Mems

Optical MEMS: Refraction • Diffraction • MOEMS components; digital mirror display (DMD) • Grating light valve (GLV) • Optical scanners

Unit 1.0: Essentials of Electronic Product Design & Packaging

Introduction to Electronic Product Design • Electronic Packaging Fundamentals • Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design and Fabrication • Thermal • Mechanical • And EMI/EMC Considerations • Prototyping • Testing • And Reliability

Unit 2.0: Design Aspects of Semiconductor Packaging

Overview of Semiconductor Packaging Types: Dual In-line Package (DIP) • QFP • BGA • CSP • And 3D ICs • Wire bonding • Flip-chip • And through-silicon vias (TSVs) • Trends in package miniaturization and integration • Thermal and Mechanical Design Considerations: Heat dissipation in semiconductor packages • Stress and strain due to thermal cycling • Package warpage and delamination issues • Electrical Design Aspects: Signal integrity and power integrity • Parasitics: resistance • Capacitance • And inductance • High-speed design challenges and mitigation techniques • Materials and Substrate Technologies: Die attach materials • Encapsulants • And underfills • Organic vs ceramic substrates • Reliability and compatibility of packaging materials • Packaging Process Flow and Testing: Wafer-level packaging and assembly steps • Burn-in • Electrical • And reliability testing • Design for testability (DFT) in semiconductor packaging

Unit 3.0: Dicing & Inspection

Wafer Dicing Techniques: Mechanical sawing (blade dicing) • Laser dicing and stealth dicing • Plasma dicing (dry etching methods) • Comparison of dicing methods based on precision • Cost • And material type • Dicing Process Parameters and Optimization: Cut depth • Kerf width • And feed rate • Cooling and lubrication during dicing • Minimizing chipping • Cracking • And contamination • Wafer Mounting and Handling: Use of dicing tapes and frames • Wafer alignment and chucking • ESD precautions and cleanroom requirements • Post-Dicing Cleaning and Debris Removal: Cleaning techniques (wet, dry, CO2 snow) • Particle contamination control • Inspection for surface damage or residues • Wafer Inspection and Defect Analysis: Visual and automated optical inspection (AOI) • Surface and edge defect detection • Use of SEM • X-ray • And infrared imaging for deeper inspection • Yield analysis and defect classification

Unit 4.0: Conventional Packaging

Introduction to Conventional Packaging Types: Dual In-line Package (DIP) • Surface Mount Device (SMD) • Chip-on-Board (COB) and Leadframe-based packaging • Through-hole vs. surface-mount technologies • Materials Used in Conventional Packaging: Encapsulants and molding compounds • Leadframe materials (e.g., copper, brass, and alloys) • Substrate materials: epoxy • Ceramic • And organic laminates • Packaging Assembly Processes: Die attach methods: eutectic bonding • Adhesive bonding • Wire bonding techniques: gold • Aluminum • And copper wire • Molding and encapsulation processes • Electrical and Thermal Design in Conventional Packaging: Signal integrity in conventional packages • Heat dissipation and thermal management strategies • Thermal cycling and reliability considerations • Testing and Reliability of Conventional Packages: Standard testing methods: electrical • Thermal • And mechanical tests • Reliability testing: accelerated life testing (ALT) • Burn-in tests • Failure analysis techniques: decapsulation • Cross-sectioning

Unit 5.0: Bonding, Sealing

Bonding Techniques in Semiconductor Packaging: Wire bonding (gold, aluminum, copper) • Flip-chip bonding and solder bumping • Adhesive bonding and thermo-compression bonding • Laser and ultrasonic bonding methods • Sealing Methods in Semiconductor Packaging: Molding and encapsulation processes • Hermetic sealing and its importance for high-reliability applications Use of sealing materials: epoxy • Silicone • And elastomers • Advanced sealing techniques for 3D and wafer-level packaging • Reliability and Testing in Bonding and Sealing: Mechanical and thermal stress testing in bonded and sealed packages • Failure analysis methods: decapsulation • Cross-sectioning • And SEM analysis

Unit 6.0: Advanced Packaging

Advanced Packaging Technologies: System-in-Package (SiP) and Package-on-Package (PoP) technologies • 3D Integrated Circuits (3D ICs) and Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) • Wafer-Level Packaging (WLP) and Fan-Out Wafer-Level Packaging (FOWLP) • Hybrid and Multi-Chip Module (MCM) integration • Thermal and Electrical Considerations in Advanced Packaging: Thermal management techniques in advanced packaging (heat sinks, thermal vias) • Electrical performance challenges: signal integrity and power delivery in high-density packages • Power dissipation and interconnect strategies in 3D packaging • Reliability testing standards for advanced packaging (e.g., JEDEC, MIL-STD)

Unit 1.0: Additive Manufacturing Introduction and CAD-CAM for 3D Printing

Additive v/s Conventional Manufacturing processes • Classification of 3D Printing Processes • Working principle of various 3D Printing processes- Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) • Stereo lithography (SLA) • Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) • Binder Jetting • Material Jetting • Direct Energy Deposition and Laminate Object Manufacturing • Additive Manufacturing application domains: Aerospace • Electronics • Health Care • Defense • Automotive • Construction • Food Processing • Machine Tools • Product design and prototyping • Reverse Engineering for 3D Printing • CAD-CAM and its integration • CAD- Part and Surface modeling • CAD file formats • Process chain for 3D Printing • STL interface Specification • STL data generation • STL data Manipulation • Advantages and limitations of STL file format • Open files • Repair of STL files • Alternative 3D Printing interfaces • Part orientation and support generation • Factors affecting part orientation • Various models for part orientation determination • The function of part supports • Support structure design • Automatic support structure generation • Model Slicing and Contour Data organization • Direct and adaptive slicing: Identification of peak features • Adaptive layer thickness determination • Tool path generation

Unit 2.0: 3D Printing Materials

Various forms of 3D printing raw material- Liquid • Solid • Wire • Powder • Popular FDM • SLA • SLS • Binder Jetting • Material Jetting and Direct Energy deposition 3D printing materials • Polymers • Metals • Non-Metals • Ceramics • Polymers and their properties • Powder Preparation and their desired properties • Choosing the right 3D Printing material on the basis of performance requirements and material properties

Unit 3.0: Solid based 3D Printing Processes

Basic principle and working of fused deposition modeling (FDM) process • Construction details and working of established FDM based 3D printers for plastics parts • 3D Printer software- Fusion 360 • Solidworks • Onshape • Tinkercad • UltimakerCura • MeshLab • Simplyfy 3D • Repetier host • Slic3r • Etc. use and operation of anyone • 3D Scanners and working • Producing a part using FDM based 3D Printer • Liquefaction • Solidification and bonding • Laminated Object Manufacturing process • Cost estimation of FDM 3D printed component

Unit 4.0: Liquid based 3D Printing Processes

Photo polymerization • Principle and working of stereo lithography apparatus • SLA based 3D printing processes • SLA based 3D printing process materials • Scanning techniques • Curing processes • Cost estimation of SLA 3D printed component

Unit 5.0: Powder based 3D Printing Processes

Powder fusion mechanism • Principle and working of Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) process • SLS based 3D printers • Laser Engineering Net Shaping process • Electron Beam Melting • Binder Jet 3D Printing • Materials and Process parameters for SLS based 3D printing processes • Cost estimation of SLS based 3D printed component

Unit 6.0: Post Processing and Quality

Need of post processing: Functional and Aesthetic reasons • Steps of Post Processing: Cleaning/Support removal • Fixing • Curing or hardening • Surface finishing • Colouring • Cleaning: Support Removal (FDM and Material Jetting) • Powder Removal (SLS and Powder Bed Fusion) • Washing (SLA and Photo polymerisation) • Fixing: Filling • Gluing • Welding • Surface finishing: Sanding • Polishing • Tumbling • Hydro dipping • Epoxy coating • Electro Plating • Vapour smoothing-Acetone treatment • Colouring • Coating • Priming and Painting • Inspection and testing: Digital • Visual • Physical • Defects and their causes